Sigatoka negra causada por Mycosphaerella Fijiensis morelet en Cuba: impacto económico, resistencia de los clones y manejo de la enfermedad
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Abstract
Black leaf streak/ Black Sigatoka disease (BS) caused by Mycosphaerella fijiensis, is the most harmful disease in Musa plantations in Cuba. Four years after its first report in 1990 the disease replaced Sigatoka disease (M. musicola) in most of the plantations of the country. During 1991 and 1992 until twenty three cycles of fungicides treatments/ year were carried out in Cavendish plantations and the costs of protection reached 15% of all costs of production. An integrated management system introduced in the main banana Cavendish plantations, based on cultural practices and bio-climatic forecasting of treatments with emulsions of systemic fungicides in oil, allowed to reduce the number of applications to thirteen till fifteen cycles/year and the costs of protection in a 40%. BS has caused an important impact on susceptible banana and plantain production in Cuba. In 1989 there were more than 40 thousand ha of plantains (AAB) and 14 thousand ha of Cavendish cultivars submitted to protection; at the end of 1995 they had been reduced in a 69 and a 51% respectively. In 1994, the cultivars FHIA 18, FHIA 03, FHIA 1-1, FHIA 2 and FHIA 21 with partial resistance to BS were introduced. At present there are 10 thousand of these cultivars planted and the imports of fungicides has been reduced in 80%. An inverse correlation between BS severity in the cultivar FHIA 18 and the K content and the rate of K/ (K+Ca+Mg) in soil has been observed. There are in progress studies of genetic variability of M. fijiensis populations with the objective of determine shifts in pathogenicity determined by the extensive plantation of resistant cultivars.
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